1) Ellipsis
Ellipsis is the omission of certain words to avoid repetition.
1. Omission after and or but
They were in Spain in the winter and (they were) in Argentina in the summer.
She likes pasta but (she does) not (like) pizza.
Note: But is preceded by a comma when it connects two independent clauses, but there isn't a comma when but connects and independent clasue to a dependent one.
I like rock music, but I don't like rap.
I like rock music but not rap.
2. omission of the main verb (for example, after the auxiliary)
I'd like to have a pizza, but they wouldn't. (like to have a pizza)
3. using to instead of the verb phrase.
My parents wanted to go to the cinema, but I didn't want to. (go to the cinema)
1.1.) Online practice
2) Substitution
Substitution is using certain structures or reference words to avoid repetition (eg neither, nor, either, so, more so, less so, one / ones, not too).
My brother plays chess and so do I.
I like don't like cockroaches and neither / nor do I.
You never get the sauce right and I don't either.
Adverbials of time and place can be replaced by here, there and then.
We can meet at the main entrance. Ok, I'll see you there. (at the main entrance)
2.1.) Online practice
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